Airflow macros example For Airflow < 2. The problem is with the tz at the end of the string. Using this method, you can use your pre-defined macro in any Operator without declare anything. 教程. Jan 21, 2021 · Assuming you have conn id test_conn you can use macros directly via: {{ conn. tutorial " echo "{{ macros. Practical Example: ETL Workflow. dataset_name. Something like this: Mar 25, 2019 · When I run this scrip as an Airflow DAG, the date is derived from the macro {{ ds_nodash }} The problem. Indeed, SubDAGs are too complicated only for grouping 教程#. user_defined_macros arg May 7, 2019 · [TOC] 导入模块 设置默认参数 在我们创建任务的时候我们可以使用这些默认参数 实例化一个DAG 我们需要一个 DAG 对象来嵌入我们的任务，下面的代码中，我们首先定义一个字符串，作为DAG的唯一标识，然后传入默认的参数字典(上面定义的)，然后定义调度的间隔为1天 任务 实例化 operator def ds_format (ds, input_format, output_format): """ Takes an input string and outputs another string as specified in the output format:param ds: input string which contains a date:type ds: str:param input_format: input string format. Operator 在 Airflow 中代表一个工作单元。它们是工作流的构建块，允许您定义将执行哪些任务。虽然我们可以将 Operator 用于许多任务，但 Airflow 也提供了 Taskflow API ，这是一种更 Python 式的方式来定义工作流，我们稍后将对此进行介绍。 Macros reference¶. providers. In this tutorial, you will learn about XComs in Airflow. user_defined_macros arg Mar 31, 2017 · I am able to access the macros in python code like below: partition_dt = macros. models import Variable from airflow. project_id. If you checked my course “Apache Airflow: The Hands-On Guide”, Aiflow XCom should not sound unfamiliar. Below is the VBA code that will create a function to extract numeric part from a string: 'This VBA code will create a function to get the numeric part from a string Function GetNumeric(CellRef As String) Dim StringLength As Integer StringLength = Len(CellRef) For i = 1 To StringLength If IsNumeric(Mid(CellRef, i, 1)) Then Result = Result & Mid(CellRef, i, 1) Next i GetNumeric = Result End Function Jun 23, 2023 · if you will set catchup=True this means that airflow will not skip runs. Basic Concept. May 9, 2025 · For example, Airflow has a global repository of source code in the dags/ folder that all DAG runs share. The following come for free out of the box with Airflow. Imagine you have a data pipeline with different paths of tasks that must run according to the current day. What they are, how they work, how you can define them, how to get them, and more. Question: Depending on where Airflow is deployed i. Airflow uses LocalExecutor by default. This means that doing from airflow. This command dumps information about loaded plugins. macros) and the ds_format method. Airflow's Jinja templating engine provides built-in functions that we can use between double curly braces, and the expression will be evaluated at runtime. However, not all operator parameters are templated, so you need to make sure Jinja templating is enabled for the operators that you plan to pass macros to. def ds_format (ds, input_format, output_format): """ Takes an input string and outputs another string as specified in the output format:param ds: input string which contains a date:type ds: str:param input_format: input string format. see other macros https://airflow Tutorials¶. execution_date of the next interval (= end of current Oct 28, 2023 · This contrived DAG example illustrates the issue with a simple BashOperator, but in our real world use case, it is a GlueJobOperator. This can be useful in scenarios where you need to generate a unique identifier for each task instance, for example, when naming temporary files or tables. Provides access to Airflow configuration. The second step is the execution of the dag. E. You signed out in another tab or window. dummy import DummyOperator from datamechanics_airflow_plugin. To associate your repository with the airflow-macros topic, visit your repo's landing page and select "manage topics. I mainly use this for image_pull_secrets and namespace as they were same as the airflow webserver in my case. Additional custom macros can be added globally through ORM Extensions, or at a DAG level through the DAG. Dbt package for Apache Airflow inspired macros. Airflow will replace it with the current interval (e. However, it is probably a better idea to create a plugin like Daniel said. For ds = 2020-05-09 I expect to return: 2020-04-01 The solution I found and Oct 27, 2022 · Airflow Macros In the example above, we’ve used the macro @daily for our scheduled interval. uuid Variable in Airflow. Pools. The macro values of TS and EXECUTION_DATE are (iirc) set to the Airflow system's UTC timezone because that's what Airflow converts everything to when persisting to the DB and displaying the UI. Note that the airflow test command runs task instances locally, outputs their log to stdout (on screen), doesn’t bother with dependencies, and doesn’t communicate state (running, success, failed, …) to the database. test_plugin. If you see the example above, you can see how the image_pull_secrets value is fetched form the config. login }}, {{ conn. It also delves into more complex cron-based intervals, providing examples and discussing the stateless nature of cron expressions, which leads to limitations in representing dependent job runs. An example is https: Airflow macros to create dynamic argument for Operator. Airflow also provides hooks for the pipeline author to define their own parameters, macros and templates. closest_ds_partition Aug 9, 2019 · I am not sure if you have understood my problem there. Jan 10, 2013 · Using Airflow plugins can be a way for companies to customize their Airflow installation to reflect their ecosystem. ds_add(ds, 7)}}. 1提供了稳定的REST API，这样可以通过这些REST API来对airflow中的任务进行操作。airflow中的REST接口的说明可以查看这里的文档。 1. For example, you can dynamically generate a SQL 'SELECT' statement using Jinja templating. You switched accounts on another tab or window. Jan 6, 2021 · This SQL script takes data from input_data filtered by date and time, and then upserts it into output_data table. TRASH. #from airflow. In Apache Airflow, macros. It's only during this second step that the variables provided by airflow (execution_date, ds, etc Jan 10, 2012 · This should result in displaying a verbose log of events and ultimately running your bash command and printing the result. x) they require the module, pendulum, because there's some limited support for timezone aware scheduling. If False DAGs are read from python files. First, we have do define a function in Python, for example, this one: def do_something_with_execution_date ( execution_date ): # Imagine that there is some useful code ;) Macros reference¶. user_defined_macros argument. They offer additional functionality such as execution date manipulation, branching, and more. For example, passing dict(foo='bar') to this argument allows you to {{foo}} in all jinja templates related to this DAG. host }}, {{ conn. dagtz_next_execution_date(ti) }} Feb 26, 2023 · Let’s learn what are Airflow macros and how to use them with examples. Examples: You signed in with another tab or window. You have tried this: LAST_MONTH = '{{ (execution_date. sh', allowing for better organization of your code. ds_add(ds, 7)}} Apache Airflow, Apache, Airflow, the Airflow logo, and the Apache feather logo Feb 24, 2023 · It is useful when, for example, your inputs depend on the DAG logical date, which is the case with the bank holiday file in the project. executors. Aug 20, 2018 · You can make your own user custom macro function, use airflow model to search meta-database. Additional custom macros can be added globally through Plugins, or at a DAG level through the DAG. So, using your example, you'd need: SQL_INSERT_AIRFLOW_TS = f"INSERT INTO TRASH. 0? Some useful examples and our starter template to get you up and running quickly. For a manually triggered run, the output from the BashOperator in the example is: Extracting data from 2023-01-01 2023-01-01 to 2023-10-28 which is what we intend. These are values that can be set from the Airflow UI. macros module. In the Bad practice example the connection to the other database is made outside of an operator instantiation as top-level code. If you want runs to be passed different values, your best bet is probably to use airflow templating macros and differentiate macros with the run_id macro or similar Multi-Node Cluster¶. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. plugin_macro }} def plugin_macro (): pass user_defined_macros – a dictionary of macros that will be exposed in your jinja templates. utils. postgres import PostgresOperator. Nov 3, 2023 · Airflow is a distributed system that consists of the following components: Real-world examples and use cases of Apache Airflow. Once you have configured the executor, it is necessary to make sure that every node in the cluster contains the same configuration and dags. Apr 20, 2016 · During this step, if you make function calls to fill some values, these functions won't be able to access airflow context (the execution date for example, even more if you're doing some backfilling). hql'] expect_airflow – expect Airflow to be installed in the target environment. Jan 10, 2012 · Macros reference¶. dates import days_ago from datetime import datetime import pendulum import re Top of the script: Jinja templating lets you create flexible workflows in Airflow operators. For example, how to use the available constructs such as {{ds}} or {{data_interval_start }}, to create {{next_ds}}, for example. com Jul 1, 2017 · I would vote for making Airflow Plugin to inject your pre-defined macros. password }} and so on. Contribute to scalactic/airflow-example development by creating an account on GitHub. For example, I currently can use one of them like this to add 7 days to a date: dt7 = '{{ macros. Share. Previous. When Airflow runs, by the time it's 10pm NY time, it's already the next day on UTC time. airflow官方教程——一个简单案例1. next_ds. Provide details and share your research! But avoid …. For more information on this topic, see templating and macros in Airflow. Templating with Jinja¶. owner}}, {{task. dataproc_operator import DataProcSparkOperator from airflow. , '20240101'). As a service Airflow consists of multiple components. Here are some examples of what is possible: {{task. plugin_macro # and in templates through {{ macros. Apache Airflow® provides many plug-and-play operators that are ready to execute your tasks on Google Cloud Platform, Amazon Web Services, Microsoft Azure and many other third-party services. 配置并创建用户 修改配置文件 修改配置文件 修改配置文件airflow. Jan 10, 2013 · Macros reference¶. Nov 27, 2017 · Alternatively, it is also possible to add the json module to the template by doing and the json will be available for usage inside the template. replace(day=1) - macros. Here's an example of how you might use a macro in another Jinja template: Jun 25, 2021 · from airflow import DAG from airflow. 0: There is no ready to use macro however you can create custom macros to address this. it can be useful to be assured that a custom XCom backend is actually being initialized. This is a repository centering around DAG Writing Best Practices. Sep 24, 2023 · An Airflow TaskGroup helps make a complex DAG easier to organize and read. There are 2 mechanisms for passing variables in Airflow: (1) Jinja templating. x. Home; Project; License; Quick Start; Installation Apr 29, 2025 · For example, you can use Jinja templates to generate a daily partitioned table name: SELECT * FROM my_table WHERE date = '{{ ds }}' Macros, on the other hand, are predefined functions provided by Airflow that can be called directly within Jinja templates. You can also pass files to the bash_command, such as bash_command='templated_command. read_dags_from_db -- Read DAGs from DB if True is passed. The important thing to understand is options 1 and 2 are depended on how you write your DAG. Jun 19, 2023 · from airflow. Below are some custom macros that we're using. hostname}}, … Refer to the models documentation for more information on the objects’ attributes and methods. Once you have Airflow up and running with the Quick Start, these tutorials are a great way to get a sense for how Airflow works. To learn about FAB-based plugins in Airflow 2, see the Airflow plugins guide 2. Version: 2. Jul 25, 2021 · Starting to write DAGs in Apache Airflow 2. postgres. sql", parameters={'textstring':'abc'}, dag=dag ) Here textstring is the parameter name and abc is its value Now I want to get the parameter Notice that the templated_command contains code logic in {% %} blocks, references parameters like {{ds}}, and calls a function as in {{macros. def get_last_dag_run(dag_id): //TODO search DB return xxx dag = DAG( 'example', schedule_interval='0 1 * * *', user_defined_macros={ 'last_dag_run_execution_date': get_last_dag_run, } ) Then use the KEY in your template. 贡献者：@ImPerat0R_、@ThinkingChen、@Ray、@zhongjiajie 本教程将向您介绍一些 Airflow 的基本概念、对象以及它们在编写第一个 pipline（管道）时的用法。 理解 Operator¶. example_dags. Next. Airflow 提供了一个用于处理数据的通用工具箱。不同的组织有不同的堆栈和不同的需求。 使用 Airflow 插件可以让公司定制他们的 Airflow 安装以反映他们的生态系统。 插件可以简便地用作编写，共享和激活新功能集。 Jan 10, 2010 · Templating with Jinja¶. celery_executor import CeleryExecutor from airflow. If true, the operator will raise warning if Airflow is not installed, and it will attempt to load Airflow macros when starting. Connection It outlines common Airflow macros for scheduling, such as @once, @hourly, @daily, @weekly, @monthly, and @yearly. Plugins can be used as an easy way to write, share and activate new sets of features. . I would like to know the syntax for using them both. See full list on marclamberti. This is because Airflow uses the Jinja templating engine, which allows for the use of macros in your templates. The dags/code_syntax_examples folder contains complete DAGs that show how to use different Airflow features like callbacks Sep 28, 2023 · Apache Airflow is an open-source platform designed to automate, schedule, and orchestrate complex data workflows. Use Airflow Macros: templates_exts (list | None) – a list of file extensions to resolve while processing templated fields, for examples ['. Airflow is an orchestration tool, which means that with sufficient permission it is capable of controlling other services in a pre-defined order and Sep 25, 2018 · I'm trying to pass a dynamic date value into a macro function ds_format. Source code for airflow. I am using the below macro if sd = 2018-05-09 , {{macros. (There is a long discussion in the Github repo about "making the concept less nebulous". For a multi-node setup, you should use the Kubernetes executor or the Celery executor. Jan 12, 2018 · 创建DAG实例时可传递JSON格式参数，通过`airflow trigger_dag`命令实现。任务中可获取这些参数，它们被序列化存储在`dag_run`表的`conf`字段中。执行Operator时，可以从上下文中获取DagRun实例及其conf参数。 Adding a custom function to Airflow is quite simple. Example. If you set catchup=False this means that airflow will skip the missing runs and will invoke 1 run for the 3 hours window. 4 Content. It is designed to help you learn about Airflow best practices by working through a series of exercises. conf. 做一个官方教程的搬运工，纯粹为了自己过一遍脑子。1. isoformat() (Example: 2018-01-01T00:00:00+00:00) to remove -& :, example: 20180101T000000. Some of the interesting concepts here are {{ macros. ds_add(ds, 7) }}' Macros reference¶. datetime ( 2021, 1, 1, tz = "UTC" ), catchup = False, tags =, ) def example_dag_decorator ( email : str = ): """ DAG to send server IP to email. Since Airflow uses UTC, the execution date is one day ahead, so when my DAG uses the macro {{ ds_nodash }}, it is one day ahead. 1. May 11, 2017 · For the imports needed, consider how Airflow actually uses the plugins directory: When Airflow is running, it will add dags/, plugins/, and config/ to PATH. This macros can be used in any templated parameter. These macros are shorthand for commonly used scheduling intervals that Airflow provides as default To see another example, the following DAG example dynamically generates tasks using the PostgresOperator based on records pulled from a different database. There are two Airflow macros available currently: ds_add and ds_format. This article aims to demystify them. Airflow taskgroups are meant to replace SubDAGs, the historical way of grouping your tasks. Airflow Variables in Templates¶ The var template variable allows you to access Airflow Variables. Nov 21, 2023 · 定义 Pipeline（管道）的例子这是一个 DAG 定义文件导入模块默认参数实例化一个 DAG（Task）任务使用 Jinja 作为模版设置依赖关系回顾测试运行脚本命令行元数据验证测试实例Backfill（回填）接下来做什么 Airflow 中文文档 Aug 30, 2019 · Airflow leverages the power of Jinja Templating and provides the pipeline author with a set of built-in parameters and macros. We have already presented how SAS works with Airflow here and here. Super simple: ['ti'] comes from, you can refer to the Airflow macro Macros reference¶. To extract the year from the logical date, I used the module macros (which sits in airflow. uuid. You can use one of the Airflow built-in variables and macros, or you can create your own templated field to pass information at runtime. However, I'm not sure how to emulate the previous template variables. Examples include a specific file landing in HDFS or S3, a partition appearing in Hive, or a specific time of the day. Legal Sep 16, 2018 · You should use the airflow render command or check the rendered view in the task instance details of the UI when debugging issues like this. TEST_UPDATES SELECT NULL, '{{{{ data_interval_start }}}}';" Templating with Jinja¶. Variables, macros and filters can be used in templates (see the Jinja Templating section). Macros in airflow provide next level of parameterization to the variables and the functions. include_smart_sensor -- whether to include the smart sensor native DAGs that create the smart sensor operators for whole cluster. Content. A few commonly used libraries and methods are made available. aws. Jun 15, 2022 · Despite Airflow’s popularity in data engineering, the start_date and execution_date concepts remain confusing among many new developers today. For example, if your job is scheduled to run daily, you can use the ds variable to inject the execution date into your SQL: Apr 14, 2021 · My goal is to return 1st day of previous month based on airflow macro variable {{ds}} and use it e. from datetime import datetime timetoday = kwa Jan 10, 2014 · Macros reference¶. See more on that in this question: Make custom Airflow macros expand other macros. Dec 20, 2022 · When using f-string in this manner you have to escape the curly braces with additional curly braces to inject an Airflow template macro. ). Apr 18, 2022 · Some template variables that were quite useful in previous versions of airflow are now deprecated in favor of more general variables. Nov 20, 2017 · Note, however, that although Variables let you decouple values from code, all runs of a DAG will read the same value for the variable. ds_add(ds, -4)}} to get the current date - 4 date, getting out put like Aug 17, 2020 · Jinja templating allows providing dynamic content using Python code to otherwise static objects such as strings. This makes Airflow easy to apply to current infrastructure and extend to next-gen technologies. Contribute to yu-iskw/dbt-airflow-macros development by creating an account on GitHub. ; xcom_push (bool) – If xcom_push is True, the last line written to stdout will also be pushed to an XCom when the bash command completes. This example should render to something like: python3 script. 3. Referencing this question and this XCom example got me to the following solution. Yes, macros can be resolved in another Jinja template in Apache Airflow. It's only during this second step that the variables provided by airflow (execution_date, ds, etc Oct 11, 2021 · Documentation on the nature of context is pretty sparse at the moment. test_conn }} so you get any connection attribute like: {{ conn. SAS integrates nicely with Airflow through the SAS Airflow Provider, a package that allows SAS users to run SAS assets from Airflow. contrib. json User-defined Macro What is it? In Airflow, you can parameterize your data pipelines using a combination of Variables and Macros. There’s also a need for a set of more complex applications to interact with different flavors of data and metadata. Airflow REST API的使用 Airflow-2. You can access them as either plain-text or JSON. The solution you have given is already something I have tried but failed. EDIT. Airflow will invoke all the 3 missing runs. Users can also create their own macros using user_defined_macros and the macro can be a variable as well as a function. in HiveOperator. Without these running you cannot use Airflow’s UI to execute pipelines. Operator 在 Airflow 中代表一个工作单元。它们是工作流的构建块，允许您定义将执行哪些任务。虽然我们可以将 Operator 用于许多任务，但 Airflow 也提供了 Taskflow API ，这是一种更 Python 式的方式来定义工作流，我们稍后将对此进行介绍。 Sep 21, 2022 · │ ├── macros │ ├── models │ │ └── example # Build an Airflow DAG with DAG(dag_id="dbt_example", # The name that shows up in the UI May 16, 2017 · Here is a working example: In every place where Airflow Macros can be used, user variables (defined via user_defined_macros) can be also used. uuid4() }}: macros. This makes your Aug 10, 2023 · Apache Airflow is a popular platform for designing, scheduling, and monitoring process flows. amazon. , local, Docker, K8s, etc. Reload to refresh your session. By including {{ data_interval_start }} within the query. py 'task3_variable's value' \ '12:21' '2018-09-16' file. mytest_operator import MyTestOperator probably isn't going to work. Using the CLI to execute an Airflow run helps avoid the need to spin up Airflow. Example using: {{ macros. hive. test_conn. Jun 7, 2021 · Airflow 充分利用了Jinja Templating的强大功能，并为 pipline（管道）的作者提供了一组内置参数和 macros（宏）。Airflow 还为 pipline（管道）作者提供了自定义参数，macros（宏）和 templates（模板）的能力。 设置依赖关系. uuid provides us access to the standard python UUID module. timedelta(days=1)). Variables and macros can be used in templates (see the Jinja Templating section). Feb 21, 2020 · Since macros allow users to retrieve runtime information at task run level, another great use case of macros is for job alerts, which I will demonstrate with examples in a later section. Aug 19, 2019 · Thanks for contributing an answer to Stack Overflow! Please be sure to answer the question. uuid is a built-in macro that generates a unique identifier (UUID) each time it's called. Templates reference¶. 4 (Composer) and based on the following function, I want to have a macro that returns the name of the table in BigQuery, ie. Was this page helpful? Yes No. It would likely show you what's going wrong with your assumed macro expansions. Defining a function as a macro has the advantage that it is only parsed at runtime, not every time the DAG file is parsed. " Airflow's Jinja templating engine provides built-in functions that we can use between double curly braces, and the expression will be evaluated at runtime. ds_add(ds, 1) But i am not able to figure out how to get hold of the ds variable itself which seemingly can only be Using the macros. In order to run all of Airflow locally you will need to spin up the database, webserver, and scheduler. airflow-example in docker. Files can also be passed to the bash_command argument, like bash_command='templated_command. Jan 21, 2022 · I am working with Airflow 2. operators. 10. providers. sql', '. 理解 Operator¶. Sep 22, 2023 · What are XCOMs in Apache Airflow? Well, you are at the right place. In a few places in the documentation it's referred to as a "context dictionary" or even an "execution context dictionary", but never really spelled out what that is. macros module. What for?¶ Airflow offers a generic toolbox for working Aug 24, 2019 · I encountered a problem with converting the airflow macros reference 'ts' into a datetime object. e. 我们有三个不相互依赖任务，分别是t1，t2，t3 Jul 26, 2023 · airflow-example in docker. Parameters: bash_command (string) – The command, set of commands or reference to a bash script (must be ‘. You want to update source code in production or test without interfering with running DAGs. 2. cfg，把auth_backend选项的值修改成以下值。 Templating with Jinja¶. tablename def May 9, 2018 · i would like to suffix macros date with nodash to my final table . gcs_to_s3 import GCSToS3Operator # Will show up in Connections screen in a future version; class PluginHook (BaseHook): pass # Will show up under airflow. Airflow leverages the power of Jinja Templating and provides the pipeline author with a set of built-in parameters and macros. Macros¶ Macros are a way to expose objects to your templates and live under the macros namespace in your templates. For example, the complexity of the container environment can make it more difficult to determine if your backend is being loaded correctly during container deployment. Macros reference¶. py in this case). Since airflow Macros are evaluated while the task gets run, it is possible to provide parameters that can change during execution. replace(day=1) }}' Dec 15, 2018 · With the current versions of Airflow (1. task_id}}, {{ti. sh’) to be executed. Jan 10, 2012 · Using Airflow plugins can be a way for companies to customize their Airflow installation to reflect their ecosystem. To troubleshoot issues with plugins, you can use the airflow plugins command. Macros are the way to If you want to use a function to generate input at the top-level of the DAG, for example for a value in the DAG's default_args, you can register a custom macro. Use macros to encapsulate complex logic. python import BranchPythonOperator The code snippets below are based on Airflow-2. If you are interested in adding your story to this publication please reach to us via include_examples -- whether to include the examples that ship with airflow or not. macros. operator import DataMechanicsOperator from airflow. 工作流定义示例下面是定义工作流的示例代码： &#34;&#34;&#34; Code that goes along with the Airflow tutorial located … Templating with Jinja¶. Jan 10, 2014 · Templating with Jinja¶. sh', where the file location is relative to the directory containing the pipeline file (tutorial. I will give another simple example: task = MyPostgresOperator( task_id='test_date', postgres_conn_id='redshift', sql="test_file. models import DagRun from airflow. Jan 21, 2025 · Before diving into examples, let’s clarify which macro to use under what circumstances: {{ ds }} A string in the format YYYY-MM-DD — date only (no time). Jul 27, 2018 · When you have a small function which returns the wanted value, you can add it as your own macro. Templates and Macros. Note that you can pass any type of object here. g. This works great if we just want to reuse things from the airflow config. The python modules in the plugins folder get imported, and macros and web views get integrated to Airflow’s main collections and become available for use. Jun 24, 2019 · It formats the execution_date. Mar 16, 2022 · from airflow. An example usage of the SQLExecuteQueryOperator to connect to MSSQL is as follows: Nov 20, 2023 · A ShortCircuitOperator example. You’ll notice that the templated_command includes logic in {% %} blocks and references parameters like {{ds}}. For example, passing the result of one operator to another one that runs after it. airflow. Multilanguage. Oct 30, 2023 · Apache Airflow (or simply Airflow) is a platform to programmatically author, schedule, and monitor workflows. Macros in Apache Airflow are a set of pre-defined variables or functions that can be used to perform specific operations. Examples: airflow的宏和变量可以用于模版（templates）。 默认变量 所有的模版中都可以访问airflow引擎传输默认的变量。 变量描述{{ ds }}the execut You should break out your pipelines into incremental extracts and loads wherever possible. transfers. Airflow also provides hooks for the pipeline author to define their Macros reference¶. 贡献者：@ImPerat0R_、@ThinkingChen、@Ray、@zhongjiajie 本教程将向您介绍一些 Airflow 的基本概念、对象以及它们在编写第一个 pipline（管道）时的用法。 Jan 10, 2010 · Macros reference¶. ofza wnakdr guqd egux zjbip tespgwz ajv mvl osdbnc dvx